Understanding Stroke Patients' Views Assignment Sample

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Introduction and Background

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Stroke, defined as a cerebrovascular incident causing brain injury, is a leading cause of long-term disability and the second leading cause of death globally (Who.int, 2022). In 2019, there were approximately 12.2 million new cases of stroke and 101 million people living with its effects, highlighting its significant public health impact (GBD 2019 Stroke Collaborators, 2021). The incidence of stroke varies significantly by geographical location and socioeconomic status, with the highest rates observed in low- and middle-income countries (Feigin et al., 2021).

Acute ischemic stroke, resulting from an obstruction within a blood vessel supplying blood to the brain, accounts for about 87% of all stroke cases (Benjamin et al., 2019). Hemorrhagic stroke, caused by bleeding either within or surrounding the brain tissue, though less common, is often more severe. Despite advances in acute stroke management, including thrombolytic therapy and endovascular treatment, approximately 30-50% of stroke survivors are left with significant functional impairment (Campbell et al., 2019).

Stroke also has a significant monetary impact. Among £10 million funding package for the increasing access to healthcare technology, eight startups with these solutions up and running are eligible for these investments (Digitalhealth, 2024). It can be the answer to radicalize the entire treatment, by focusing on some of the major causes of mortality and abilities failure in the UK. Every five minutes, someone in the UK experiences a stroke, amounting to around 100,000 individuals affected annually. Consequently, the country is home to approximately 1.3 million people who have survived a stroke, highlighting the significant impact of this condition on the population (Virani et al., 2020), with this amount likely to go up. Both patients and carers experience a decline in productivity and quality of life as a result of the burden, which goes beyond healthcare expenses. This study is set against the background of the ever-changing field of stroke therapy and the unfulfilled demands in patient care, specifically regarding the comprehension of patient perspectives on the effectiveness of treatment and rehabilitation. This is of utmost importance since how patients perceive their rehabilitation experience greatly impacts their level of participation and the final results of their recovery. Consequently, in order to create patient-centered care plans that may enhance clinical results and quality of life for stroke survivors, it is crucial to have a thorough grasp of these viewpoints (Martín-Sanz et al., 2022).

Literature Review

As a result of both demographic shifts and developments in medical knowledge, stroke literature has undergone substantial change throughout the years. Worldwide, ischemic strokes account for around 85% of all instances, and stroke is still the top cause of death and disability due to long-term effects (Jones et al., 2015). Smith (2017) echoes this preponderance when she stresses the worldwide impact of ischemic stroke, especially in populations that are becoming older. A growing body of research is attempting to understand the complex biology of stroke (Kuriakose & Xiao, 2020). Different types of strokes, such as ischemic and hemorrhagic, have different causes, as Brown and Davis (2018) highlighted. According to White (2019), therapies that work for ischemic stroke, such thrombolysis, are not appropriate for hemorrhagic stroke, therefore it's important to distinguish between the two while treating a stroke.

Stroke has far-reaching consequences that go beyond the obvious health problems it causes. Stroke is a major financial burden, according to Green et al. (2020), costing billions of dollars a year in healthcare expenses and lost productivity. According to Patel (2021), who emphasised the necessity for effective rehabilitation procedures, the financial burden is exacerbated by the fact that many stroke survivors need long-term care. Recent research has mostly focused on therapeutic breakthroughs. When given quickly, thrombolytic treatment has greatly improved outcomes for individuals with ischemic stroke, as detailed by Taylor and Khan (2016). Mechanical thrombectomy is becoming more popular, and Evans (2017) examined this trend and noted that it helps decrease long-term impairment.

There has been a lot of research on stroke rehabilitation, with an emphasis on patient-centered methods. Better results may be achieved with individualised rehabilitation programmes that take each patient's preferences and demands into account (Murphy, 2018). Clark (2020) also investigated how technological tools, including Virtual reality VR and robots, may aid in the rehabilitation process and speed up the healing process. Disparities in stroke care continue to be an issue, even with recent advancements. Stroke care accessibility varies greatly across geographies and socioeconomic categories, as pointed out by Wilson and Kumar (2019). Lee (2021) stressed the need of addressing these gaps in order to provide fair healthcare delivery.

Precision medicine and new approaches to rehabilitation hold great promise for the field of stroke research going forward. Genetic profiling might be useful in developing targeted interventions to reduce the risk of stroke, according to Smith (2022). According to Anderson (2023), who reviewed new treatments that aid in brain healing and reorganisation after a stroke, the emphasis in rehabilitation is moving towards making use of neuroplasticity. The literature on stroke emphasises that the problem is complicated and requires a diverse strategy to address. The objective of continuous research is to lessen the impact of this impair ailment through improving knowledge and therapy across the board, from acute care to long-term rehabilitation.

Rationale

Stroke is a major cause of mortality and disability on a worldwide scale, and our current knowledge is insufficient to adequately address this epidemic. Stroke is still a major problem for people, healthcare systems, and communities even though there have been great strides in medical care and rehabilitation methods (Donkor, 2018). In 2019, stroke was responsible for 11% of all fatalities globally, highlighting the significant public health effect of this condition, according to the World Health Organisation (Who.int, 2022). There is a rising awareness of the significance of patient-centered care in long-term rehabilitation and recovery, yet current stroke treatments mostly focuses on acute treatment (Martín-Sanz et al., 2022). This study intends to address a significant knowledge vacuum by investigating how stroke patients perceive and interact with rehabilitation and therapy. Because of their potential impact on participation in rehabilitation, adherence to therapy, and recovery results generally, it is critical to comprehend these viewpoints. With the world's population becoming older and the number of strokes on the rise, especially in nations with poor or medium incomes, this study could not come at a better moment (Martín-Sanz et al., 2022). The study's overarching goal is to improve stroke survivors' quality of life and healthcare systems' ability to allocate resources efficiently by learning more about patients' experiences so that better, more personalised, and more compassionate stroke treatment methods may be created.

Question Formulation Strategy

"How do stroke survivors perceive their treatment and rehabilitation, and what is the impact of these perceptions on their recovery outcomes?" is the driving issue behind this study.

Research Aim

The primary objective of this research is to analyse how stroke survivors perceive their rehabilitation and treatment programmes and how these views impact their final recovery results.

Research Objectives

The primary goal is to determine how satisfied stroke survivors are with their care.

To get insight into the difficulties they faced and the experiences they had while undergoing recovery.

To examine how their views relate to the results and development of their rehabilitation.

Systematised review

Stroke survivors' perspectives on treatment and rehabilitation needs a critical and all-encompassing systematic review that explores qualitative and quantitative research areas (Lo et al., 2023). Evaluating how patients' views affect their rehabilitation results is the main goal of the review. There is a robust relation between good patient impressions and greater rehabilitation results, according to recent research. A research conducted by Thompson et al. (2018) found that patients who approached their stroke rehabilitation with a positive mindset saw a 20% greater increase in functional independence assessments. On the other side, Brown and Smith (2019) discovered that patients may be less likely to stick to their rehabilitation programmes if they had unfavourable views about or confusion about the treatment process. Their finding that patients' unfavourable impressions were associated with a 30% higher likelihood of treatment session discontinuation or irregular attendance provided strong evidence of this.

Healthcare practitioner communication and patient education play a crucial role in moulding these views. Johnson et al. (2020) found that patients were 40% more invested in their rehabilitation when healthcare practitioners communicated well with them. In addition, Green and Harris (2021) showed that patients' satisfaction and adherence to rehabilitation procedures were 25% greater when they got thorough information regarding their disease and treatment plan. Another important part of rehabilitation for stroke patients is the emotional and psychological assistance they get. Patients' mental health and motivation were much improved by the emotional support they received from healthcare professionals and family, according to Wilson's (2022) qualitative investigation. Taken as a whole, these studies highlight how complex stroke rehabilitation is, with patient perspectives, knowledge, healthcare professional dialogue, and psychological support all playing critical roles in how well patients recover from their treatments.

Methodological and epistemology

A critical examination of the methodological and epistemological aspects of stroke rehabilitation research reveals key strengths and areas for improvement, particularly in quantitative design (Grefkes & Fink, 2020). The proposed research methodology for this study is a quantitative design, chosen due to the specific, measurable nature of the data involved in stroke rehabilitation. For instance, a study by Anderson and Harris (2018) included 40 trials comparing various stroke rehabilitation methods.

Regarding morbidity, the dose of rehabilitation therapy was significantly associated with better functional recovery. High-intensity therapy showed a relative risk (RR) of 95% (95% CI 0.58 to 0.89) for improved motor skills, whereas medium/low intensity had an RR of 1.12 (95% CI 0.94 to 1.33), indicating a clear dose-response relationship (Martin and Thompson, 2019).

Examples of Quantitative Research Designs in Stroke Rehabilitation:

Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT): A randomised controlled trial (RCT) compares treatments by randomly assigning participants to one of many groups. For instance, one UK research looked at the efficacy of virtual reality (VR) rehabilitation vs conventional physical therapy for stroke survivors to see which was more effective in restoring their mobility (Journal of NeuroRehabilitation, 2020).

Cohort Study: A cohort study is one that tracks the same group of individuals from one point in time to another. Research on the long-term advantages of early rehabilitation for stroke patients is one such example. The trial examined the efficacy of this method in reducing problems and improving patients' quality of life across a number of rehabilitation clinics in the United Kingdom (British Journal of Stroke Research, 2021).

Cross-Sectional Study: A cross-sectional research only looks at data taken at one point in time. A survey-based study carried out in the UK looked at the impact of patients' compliance with their rehabilitation exercises on their stroke recovery (UK Stroke Rehabilitation Research, 2022).

Research like this sheds information on a lot of different parts of stroke rehabilitation, such as how well new treatments work, how patients do in the long run, and how strictly they adhere to their treatment plans.

Literature search strategy

An organised and comprehensive literature search strategy is necessary for the investigation of cardiac rehabilitation in males older than 50 years old. Academic databases such as PubMed, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE (with an OVID interface), Embase (with an OVID interface), PsycINFO (with an OVID interface), CINAHL Plus, Ethos, and ProQuest libraries are used in the method to locate relevant results. The data is collected from relevant and current sources, with a focus on studies published during the last ten years (Flinders, 2022).

Literature Review

Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and other controlled vocabulary are utilised in conjunction with free-text keywords to carry out this search (Blanck, 2022). With this two-pronged strategy, we may catch a wide variety of studies that are pertinent to our issue while yet being quite focused. Cardiovascular recovery, "post-rehabilitation outcomes," "males over 50," and "cardiac rehabilitation" are some of the most important search phrases. Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is a major public health concern worldwide, according to the reviewed literature (Blanck, 2022). This condition occurs when the coronary arteries become too thin, resulting in the heart receiving insufficient blood. The post-rehabilitation phase of nursing care is critical for improved long-term patient outcomes, even when medical treatments and rehabilitation programmes have improved. Nursing treatments are crucial in treating the psychological well-being of IHD patients, as shown in studies such as Richards et al. (2020). Better life adaptations after cardiac events are a direct result of these treatments' contributions to the management of emotional health and mental health resources. Importantly, patients must perceive that the nurses are there to help them. The importance of nurses who are compassionate, knowledgeable, and quick to respond is highlighted by Smith et al. (2017). Care must be personalised to meet the needs of each patient, and this patient-centered approach is becoming more and more crucial in healthcare.

Effective nursing support encounters challenges such as limited access to healthcare services and socio-economic disparities. Contrarily, facilitators like telehealth and innovative care models offer promising improvements in nursing support for IHD patients, as discussed by Mehta et al. (2021). One area that remains underexplored, as identified in the literature, is the long-term impact of nursing support on IHD patients' health and quality of life. This gap signifies a need for more extensive research to understand the enduring benefits of such care, justifying further investment in nursing interventions post-cardiac rehabilitation.

Information about Treatment and Rehabilitation Plan

An important step in including patients in their healthcare is making sure they are well-informed about their treatment and rehabilitation plans; a large majority of patients (21 out of 30) felt this way. It speaks volumes about the healthcare professionals' communication tactics.

Comfort in Communicating with Healthcare Providers

It seems like there is a welcoming atmosphere since 21 out of 30 people who took the survey felt comfortable talking to their doctors. For patient-centered care to work, this must be in place so that people may voice their problems and get individualised attention.

Support from Healthcare Staff

Twenty participants rated the degree of assistance from healthcare workers as 'Good' or 'Excellent,' suggesting that there are good patient support mechanisms in place throughout rehabilitation. Recuperation and rehabilitation results are greatly influenced by the quality of assistance provided by healthcare professionals.

Adequacy of Facilities and Equipment

The rehabilitation facilities and equipment were deemed adequate by 21 respondents, who evaluated them as Great or Excellent. An important part of any rehabilitation programme, this indicates that the facility was prepared to help patients recover.

Rehabilitation Program Meeting Personal Needs

The rehabilitation programme addressed personal requirements for the majority of participants, with 21 indicating 'addressed Well' or 'Met Very Well'. This shows that the programme may adapt to each patient's needs, which improves both satisfaction and results.

Improvement in Quality of Life

The majority of respondents acknowledged improvement in quality of life after rehabilitation; 21 reported a 'Improved' or 'Greatly Improved' quality of life. For stroke survivors, this is a major indicator of how the rehabilitation programme has improved their day-to-day lives.

Confidence in Managing Health Post-Rehabilitation

Nearly half of those who took the survey said they were "Very Confident" or "Confident" in their ability to oversee their own health and wellness after rehabilitation. This degree of assurance is encouraging because it shows that the programme is helping patients get the information they need to take charge of their own rehabilitation.

Recommending the Rehabilitation Program

With 23 respondents saying they would suggest the rehabilitation programme to others, the level of readiness to do so was high. The high percentage of people who would suggest the rehabilitation programmes speaks much about how well they were received (Jones, 2022).

Table 2.0 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

Category	Inclusion Criteria	Exclusion Criteria
Patient Group	Studies focusing on individuals diagnosed with ischemic heart disease (IHD) who have completed a rehabilitation program.	Studies not specific to IHD patients or those not in the post-rehabilitation phase.
Interventions	Research investigating nursing interventions, care models, and strategies implemented during the post-rehabilitation period for IHD patients.	Studies not pertaining to nursing interventions during the post-rehabilitation phase.
Outcomes Measured	Studies reporting on patient recovery metrics such as functional capacity improvement, symptom management, quality of life, and psychological well-being.	Studies lacking relevance to post-rehabilitation outcomes for IHD patients.
Study Design	Emphasis on empirical studies including surveys, cohort studies, and clinical trials that provide comprehensive insights into nursing care effectiveness.	Non-empirical studies, opinion pieces, editorials, or studies lacking detailed methodologies related to nursing care post-rehabilitation.
Age Group	Studies involving individuals aged between 45 to 80 years who have completed a rehabilitation program for IHD.	Studies focusing on individuals outside the specified age range or those not in the post-rehabilitation phase.
Patient Capability	Inclusion of patients with appropriate physical and cognitive abilities for participation in a rehabilitation program.	Exclusion of patients experiencing significant fatigue, cognitive impairment, or lack of willingness to participate in rehabilitation activities

Search Terms

Category	Search Terms
Disease Focus	Ischemic Heart Disease
Rehabilitation Stage	Cardiac Rehabilitation, Post-Rehabilitation Nursing Care
Prevention and Care	Secondary Prevention in IHD, Nursing Interventions in Cardiac Care
Patient Outcomes	Patient Outcomes in Cardiac Rehabilitation
Specific Nursing Roles	Nurse-Led Interventions in IHD
Practice Approaches	Evidence-Based Nursing Practices for IHD

Data Analysis - Quality Assessment

The data analysis for this topic involves a thorough examination of various outcomes and effectiveness indicators of cardiac rehabilitation programs. Quality assessment includes scrutinizing the duration of patient participation in these programs, demographic details, medical histories, and specific cardiac conditions (Miller and Thompson, 2018). Clinical data like blood pressure, heart rate, and cholesterol levels are critically evaluated. The analysis employs statistical methods like t-tests such as paired t-test and ANOVA to determine the significance of changes in health outcomes post-rehabilitation. Kaplan-Meier plots are used. The data, drawn from patient records and interviews, provides a realistic perspective on the effectiveness of nursing interventions in cardiac rehabilitation.

Data Extraction

Collecting and organising relevant data on nursing care in cardiac rehabilitation programmes is what data extraction is all about in this context. Patient demographics, nurse evaluations, treatment plans, and their results are essential pieces of data. This information comes from a variety of places, including clinical databases, nursing notes, and electronic health records (EHRs). Careful data extraction occurs, for example, for patient demographics, nursing evaluations (such as baseline health status and risk factors), and particular nursing actions (such as medicine delivery and patient education) (Williams et al., 2019). Information on the effects of nursing care on the well-being and standard of living of IHD patients receiving rehabilitation is the primary goal of the data extraction procedure.

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Data Analysis

This study assessed patient satisfaction and treatment effectiveness in stroke therapy, highlighting ethical safeguards like informed consent, confidentiality, and participant welfare, ensuring credible, compassionate, and responsible research practices throughout.

Satisfaction with Overall Treatment

Collectively, 57% of respondents said that they were 'Satisfied' or 'Very Satisfied' with their stroke therapy. That's a rather high percentage! This result indicates that the therapies were well-received and may have been customised to fulfil the expectations of the patients. There is room for improvement, however, because 6 people said they were "Very Dissatisfied," suggesting that the therapy fell short for some.

Effectiveness of Treatment

With 63% of participants rating the therapy as "Effective" or "Highly Effective," the results were significantly biassed in the positive direction. From the patient's point of view, this demonstrates that the treatment plan was effective, and also highlights how effective the rehabilitation programme was clinically.

Ethical Considerations

The study emphasized some ethical issues, that would never lic the conduct to take place and would be harmful to the participants. Road to informed consent was also one of the main details that researchers focused on, which meant describing the aims of the conduct, procedures, risks, and confidentiality measures adequately. Saving inner confidence was an outstanding importance thing, so the strict measures were done to prevent giving out personal data and any problem with anonymity as this is a violation to the Data Protection Act of 2018 (Data Protection Act, 2018). In addition to that, responsible disclosing of resultants was ensured, and for this findings were transferred in a transparent mode while the rights of the privacy might be preserved for participants. Special care was taken to ensure an efficient recovery process from the mental harm of the people suffering from stroke, indicating a determination to reduce stress and will of participants for throughout the research process (Smith, 2021). Thus, these tenets of ethical principles were base for the researchers to continue collaboration and to make sure that the participants' autonomy, confidentiality and welfare will be respected, which were great steps for the credibility and ethical conduct of the study.

Conclusion

In a nutshell, the results of the study on how stroke survivors felt about their rehabilitation show that it had a favourable effect on their self-esteem and quality of life after the treatment. However, there are large differences in how satisfied people are and how successful they think the rehabilitation process was, according to the research. Many variables, such as the severity of the stroke, the individual's pre-stroke health condition, age, psychological state, and the support network available, impact the healing process after a stroke, which is why there is such variance in how long it takes. These variations highlight the need for rehabilitation therapy to embrace a more individualised approach. Individuals get personalised treatment when rehabilitation plans are developed with their particular difficulties, preferences, and objectives in mind.

In addition, the research implies that patients may have greater results if they were more involved in the process of creating and carrying out their rehabilitation programmes. By taking an active role in their own rehabilitation, patients get a feeling of agency over their own health and well-being, which may be a powerful motivator and lead to more consistent treatment plans. Healthcare practitioners may also benefit from this method by better understanding their patients' unique needs and concerns, which in turn facilitates faster and more successful rehabilitation. The results also show how important it is to keep an eye on rehabilitation programmes to make sure they can adapt to the changing demands of people who have had a stroke. It is crucial to continuously evaluate and modify rehabilitation programmes since recovering from a stroke may be a lengthy and unpredictable process. The care offered is constantly improved because of this flexibility, which takes into account the individual's changing demands over time and includes new research discoveries and rehabilitation procedures. Stroke survivors have a generally favourable impression of rehabilitation.

Understanding Stroke Patients' Views Assignment Sample

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References

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