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The study is going to analyse the significance of creating health profile and the role of the community nurse in promoting health and well-being. Health is defined as the “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” (WHO, 2023). According to WHO, well is described as “quality of life and the ability of people and societies to contribute to the world with a sense of meaning and purpose” (WHO, 2023) .
The population that is being is discussed in the study are residents from Oxford. The overall population in Oxford estimates at 162,100, amongst which 34,945 students account for the overall population. This signifies that the students make for 22% of the overall population in Oxford. The age distribution in the Oxford is quite diverse. It is because the population aged between 18-29 years old is 30% whereas the residents who are aged between 30-64 and above 64 years old make up for the 58% and 12% of the overall population respectively (Council, n.d). The population in Oxford shows equal split in terms of gender as there are around 75, 000 males and 76,000 females residing in Oxford. In terms of ethnicity, it is observed that Oxford has the second highest ethnic population in the South East England as more than 30% of the overall BAME community individual’s residents in Oxford. The employment rates in Oxford has reduced to 5%, which is 1% below the national average. This gap in employment rate has increased due to the fact that most of the residents in Oxford fail to acquire proper skills acquisition for being poor. This evidenced by the fact that the lower income group makes up for more than 10% of the overall population in Oxford and drives the increase in the impact of Lower-income deprivation on skill acquisition impact by 9.6%. In terms of housing and shelter, the situation for the Oxford residing population is quite grim. It is because Oxford has a less affordable housing per capita when compared with the other cities in UK as more than 50% of the rented occupants allocate more than 30% of their entire income for paying their rents (Orzech, 2023). Furthermore , it is observed that more than 2000 individuals have been enlisted in the housing register in Oxford, however, only 490 of the properties becomes vacant annually ((Oxford City Council, (n.d). Hence, it is analysed that the Oxford’s housing issue is driven by two factors which include the affordability challenge and longer waiting times for social housing applicants.
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The weight of the population that are residing in Oxford is quite high as compared to the national average as more than 61% of the population is suffering from overweight (Oxford, 2023). Furthermore, the waist circumference of the residents in Oxford is twice than that of the national average. In terms of nutrition, it is accounted more than 23% of the residents of Oxford are suffering from malnutrition due to lack of availability of healthy, affordable food acting as barrier (Oxfordshire, 2023). This is quite alarming since the malnutrition rates have been decreasing across the nation whereas this serves as the solitary region where the nutrition rate values have been depreciating significantly. One of the major nutrition deficiency that have been emerging from the residents of the Oxford is vitamin and calcium as more than 10% and 20% of the overall population in Oxford account for such deficiency respectively. In terms of smoking, the population of Oxford draw a different picture as compared to the previous physical health indicators as the smoking prevalence has decreased to 10.7%, which is 4.7% lower than the national average (Council, 2018). In fact, Oxford has accounted for the lowest smoking prevalence in England which values at 3.7%. However, the lifestyle habits of drinking has highlighted an alarming scenario for the residents in Oxford as alcohol misuse amongst the residents of Oxford has been estimated at 22.0%, which is way higher than the national average of 18.4% (Gov, 2023). Therefore, it is observed that the physical health needs improvement in terms of reducing overweight, improving nutrition and reducing alcohol intoxication.
However, in terms of mental health, the residents of Oxford are happy with their personal life as the satisfaction rating has increased from 7.7 to 7.9 in the last year (Norris, 2023). Despite being said that the anxiety level at Oxford has increased to 3.2% from 2.7% in 2022 about their professional life (Dowdeswell, 2023). Therefore, it is observed that the mental health is moderately proficient amongst the population in Oxford and the anxiety level needs mitigation. In the aspects of social health, the residents are quite well off as the friends and family network is quite strong. Furthermore, the population fancies a diverse range of hobbies and one of them being, reading story books.
From the above discussion, it is observed that the inadequate housing and lack of shelter has been an issue for the residents in Oxford. One of the major risks that is associated with lack of housing is the prevalence of respiratory illness. This is evidenced by the fact that more than 4% of the population in Oxford has been suffering from chronic respiratory illness (Gov, 2023). In the findings of Holden et al. (2023), it is supported that rise in respiratory illness share a positive association with the increase in inappropriate amenities as 74% of the patients who are diagnosed with respiratory illness are in morbid housing conditions .In opposition to the above findings, Boadu et al. (2023) have posed an argument that the working conditions as a causative factor for respiratory illness holds more significance as compared to other factors such as housing. The previous statement is limited in terms of credibility as the researcher has failed to conduct data triangulation which undermines the viability of the statement drastically. Therefore, it is evaluated that the inadequate housing contributes to increased health risk in terms of respiratory illness at Oxford.
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From the above sections, it is witnessed that a significant population in Oxford are overweight or suffering from increased waist circumference. This indicates that the health risk of diabetes is quite high for the population of Oxford as the rise in instances of being diagnosed with overweight and growing waist circumference share a positive correlation with the diabetes. Similar evidence can be observed in the works of Maggio and Pi-Sunyer et al. (2018) as the authors suggest that 65% of the onset of diabetes in patients is explained by the BMI which is more than 30 kg/m2 and serves as an indicator of overweigjt. Furthermore, Wu et al. (2021) have supported that the increase in waist size by 14 cm increases the chance of being diagnosed with diabetes by 70%. In addition to that, the diabetes patient in Oxford has increased by 25%, which further supports the above inference. On contrary to the above perception, Hamasaki (2017) has argued that the rise in cases of overweight also indicate the absence of physical activity. It is because the rise in physical activity increases the metabolic rate which reduces the chances of gaining excess fat, thereby reducing the possibilities of reduced diabetes and increased waist circumference. This also signifies that the population in Oxford is not following Public Health England recommended guideline levels since it states that “50 minutes of moderate intensity activity a week or 75 minutes of vigorous intensity activity a week” is needed to prevent obesity or overweight. Therefore, it indicates that overweight has a positive influence on propelling as diabetes health risk for the Oxford population and this positive influence has been driven by the lack of adherence to Public Health England recommended guideline levels for physical activity.
The malnutrition is also a significant health status risk that emerges from the analysis. The nutritional deficiency in terms of vitamin indicates that the residents in Oxford has not followed the Eat Well guidelines that has been recommended by the NHS. It is because the Eat Well guidelines indicate that a minimum of 400g of fruits should be consumed by individuals to prevent vitamin deficiency. Therefore, it is analysed that the lack of consumption of fruits by adhering to Eat Well guidelines has posed as the causative factor behind the prominence of poor nutrition as health risk amongst the population at Oxford. One of the major reasons behind the malnutrition is attributed to the presence of poverty as health inequality in Oxford. It is because the attempt of meeting nutritional requirements requires the purchase of fruits, meat and dairy products and such requirement becomes impossible for the residents to meet since they belong from long income group and does not provide them with the luxury of making such purchases. Similar evidence can be observed in the works of Siddiqui et al. (2020) as the author suggest that the most of the malnutrition instances are explained by the health inequality of poverty and the presence of adequate income. On the other hand, Rayhan and Khan (2016) have argued that the implications of the poverty is not the solitary component for driving malnutrition and does not incur on a significant effect as compared to the other factors. The previous statement lacks credibility due to absence of data triangulation and irrelevant sample size. Therefore, it is stated that the poverty as an element of health inequality might have a positive influence on the rising malnutrition in Oxford.
The above analysis that the anxiety is an issue for the population at Oxford. This indicates the onset of a major mental health risk in the form of depression as it shares a positive association with the prevalence of prolonged anxiety. In the findings of Paudel et al. (2020), it is supported that the depression and anxiety are highly correlated to each other as Pearson coefficient between the two values at 0.725. Therefore, it is evaluated that the mental health issue of depression is alarming for the residents of Oxford.
As a nurse, the provision of the mental support to the patients who are suffering from anxiety is a major form of support to address mental health issue. The support would be provided by making the patients believe that the rough patch will be passed by actively listening to their issue and instil confidence by saying motivation terms. In the findings of Babaii et al. (2021), it is supported that empathetic behaviour of the nurse is a crucial form responsibility or support when it comes to interacting with the patients suffering from anxiety. However, if the patients show symptoms of acute depression, then the patients would be referred to a psychologist for seeking further advice.
While interacting with the patients that are suffering from malnutrition, as a nurse, the support will be provided by recording any medical symptoms that might have emerged due to the nutritional deficiency. However, the patients who are suffering from clinical conditions such as rickets, beriberi would be referred to government-licensed nutritionist. On the other hand, while dealing with physical health deterioration of increased weight and waist circumference, the main form of support is to compare the patient’s waist circumference with the NHS threshold index of the waist circumference that leads to obesity and recommend physical activities by following the PHE guidelines. However, the patients who shows indication of diabetes would be immediately signposted to consult the general physician.
In terms of influencing the population’s decision on maintaining their wellbeing in the context of vitamin deficiency, the National School Fruit Scheme policy plays a key role. It is because the vitamin deficiency requires the daily consumption of the fruits and such requirement is met by (NSFS) as it provides the children, who belong to the age bracket of 4 to 6 years old, with one piece of fruit on a daily basis. Furthermore, the (NSFS) policy is available for the families with low income and such eligibility criteria is met by the residents as most of the population in Oxford belongs to the low income socio-economic strata and makes it more favourable for the residents of Oxford. Similar evidence can be observed in the works of Wells and Nelson (2015), as the response rate in nutritional growth through the total fruit consumption increased from 67 g/d to 117 g/d. On the contrary, Shaw (2016) has opposed that the National School Fruit Scheme policy is only limited to the provision of the fruits to the infants and fails to meet the nutritional requirement of the adults. The previous finding is restricted in terms of reliability as the researcher has only considered the qualitative data sources for collecting responses which undermines the quality of the perception immensely. Therefore, it is analysed that the National School Fruit Scheme policy might have positive influence on the residents of Oxford to look after the nutritional requirement and improve their physical well-being.
Another policy that might contribute in changing their perception about meeting their nutritional requirement and improve their well-being is the Welfare Food Scheme. It is because the above analysis highlights that the people at Oxford are suffering from malnutrition of calcium deficiency due to their inability to purchase and consume dairy products and such requirement is met by the Welfare Food Scheme as it is providing low income families such as community of Oxford with vouchers for purchasing dairy products at highly subsidised prices. In the findings of Attree (2016), it is supported that the implications of the Welfare Food Scheme shares a positive association with the increased intake of the milk produces. Therefore, it is analysed that the Welfare Food Scheme might prove to be effective when it comes to influencing the population of Oxford to buy dairy produce and address their calcium deficiency. Overall, it is analysed that the two public health policies of National School Fruit Scheme and Welfare Food Scheme might be responsible for addressing malnutrition and improving physical well-being.
One of the things that would be considered while providing the advice and support is the income of the individuals at Oxford. It is because the people in Oxford belong to low income category and they cannot afford to avail expensive healthcare services. The people who are suffering from mental health issue would be referred to psychiatrist who have extremely low consultation cost and people suffering from malnutrition would be referred to nutritionist of the local health centres who would provide services for free.
Conclusion
The findings indicate that the accurate depiction of the causative factors for mental and physical health deterioration of the residents in Oxford are the major strengths of using a health profile. The results suggest that the lack of identification of measures to improve the well-being of the homeless at Oxford are a critical weakness of using a health profile. The additional information could be gathered on to understand the health policies that are available to support the residents who are facing illness due to lack of proper housing.
References
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