Key Cell Structures and Their Biological Functions Answer

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Task 1

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Answer to question 1

The organelle that is responsible for production of energy is mitochondria. The different structures of mitochondria are involved in different tasks. The outer membrane of the mitochondria allows some molecules to enter. There are some protein molecules named Porins on the outer membrane that create channels which allow the molecules to enter into the mitochondria. The inner membrane allows some molecules to enter which have protein transporters (Nielsen, 2019). This membrane allows the majority of the molecules to enter. The majority of the synthesis of ATP takes place in this membrane only. The cristae increases the surface area of the membrane to help facilitate chemical reactions. Matrix is the space in the inner membrane which plays a crucial role in producing ATP.

Ribosomes help in protein synthesis. The DNA that is present creates mRNA using DNA transcription. The mRNA converts hereditary information into proteins during the DNA translation. The protein assembly is arranged while indication of protein synthesis takes place in the ribosome (Greening and Lithgow, 2020). In the nucleus the mRNA is arranged and it is transferred to the cytoplasm. Proteins are formed inside the cytoplasm and are released outside the ribosome.

Figure 1: Cycle of Protein Synthesis

Nucleus controls the function of other organelles. The nuclear envelope consists of phospholipids which form lipid bilayer. The nucleus has a long elongated structure named chromatin which holds the DNA. The nucleoplasm is a gelatin substance within it which is a medium that holds the enzymes and other particles. The nucleolus carries the mRNA part.

Answer to question 2

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The structure of erythrocyte or Red Blood Cells (RBC) is biconcave in nature and also holds the discoid shape. This shape allows it to move swiftly to deliver oxygen to peripheral tissues. It also pulls out the carbon dioxide from the tissue and returns to the lungs for purification of the blood. The RBC cell consists of a double layer membrane which incorporates a layer of protein that builds the cytoskeleton (Guerrero, Garcia and Garcia, 2019). This cytoskeletal structure is malleable in nature. When the deoxygenated blood that reaches the lungs consists of ferrous heme. After that the partial pressure of the oxygen is decreased and the pH also gets lower in order to deliver it to the tissue. The carbon dioxide is absorbed into the cell and then it gets mixed into the water and forms bicarbonate. The enzyme that helps to complete this process is carbonic anhydrase. The majority of the carbon dioxide travels back to the lungs for purification. It travels as bicarbonate form and later it is released (Geltinger et al., 2020). The RBC has a life of 120 days and it is reproduced after a 120 days life cycle. RBC is produced from the hemocytoblast cells which are found inside the bone marrow. The RBC consists of hemoglobin which contains iron molecules.

Task 2

Answer to question 1

Figure 2: Plasma Membrane

Answer to question 2

The cell plasma membrane allows the steroids to function to perform different works. Vitamin A or D goes through the cell membrane to fulfill the deficiency inside the cell (Chakrabarty and Chandel, 2021). The water enters the cell through passive osmosis and diffusion. The water takes many nutrients and other crucial substances with it. It also takes away the waste products from the cell and proceeds to the excretory organs. The water also absorbs different types of ions. The ions are chemically processed inside the cell (Turner et al., 2022). The cell sometimes disintegrates the ions and also incorporates the ions with other molecules to create different molecules. Large proteins are entered through the permeable layer of the cell membrane. The protein molecules are generated through protein synthesis in the ribosome of the cells. These proteins are further used in the process of further chemical processes. The proteins enter through the transmembrane protein channels. These channels also transport small crucial molecules. The cell membrane also acts as semi permeable to allow selective entering substances. It allows only the substances that are important for the functioning of the cell.

Answer to question 3

The water and hydrogen actually take the same path in the alveoli. It passes easily through aquaporin. Aquaporin are gated water channels that allow the passing of water and hydrogen into the cell. The water and hydrogen enter the cell by diffusion. The aquaporin regulate water permeability (Casares, Escribá and Rosselló, 2019). The water and hydrogen first enters the alveolar tract and after that it enters the individual cells of the alveoli. The oxygen is diffused into the water and reaches other organs and their cells.

Answer to question 4

Neurotransmitters transport neural signals between two neurons. These neurotransmitters are released from the cell by a process called exocytosis (Guo et al., 2020). It involves fusion of vesicles with plasma membranes. The sodium and potassium ions affect the fusion of vesicles. The ions only diffused with a cell membrane. Neurotransmitters are transferred via exocytosis. Postsynaptic cells are also involved in this process. The axon and dendrite cells are two most crucial cells.

Answer to question 5

In the respiratory tract there are stem cells that give rise to progenitor cells. Another type of cell which is structured is Clara cells. There is also a mucous secreting cell called goblet cells and another type of cell is ciliary cells. The digestive system mostly has mucous cells that secretes mucus cells. Ciliated cells have hair like structures which have rhythmic movement and remove the mucus and other unnecessary particles to upward direction to defenestrate those particles out of the body. The cell structure of the pharynx and larynx is somewhat different. It also has sebaceous cells that protects the inner structure and also supports the framework of the respiratory system. The cone shaped cells are also structured in the alveoli of the respiratory tract where the cells are providing this support structure. The ciliated cells also act as a protecting layer for nicotine particles which comes from the tobacco of the cigarettes. The bronchiolar cells consist of cells that can absorb water and hydrogen thoroughly. The diffusion process has a very crucial role in this instance.

Task 3

Figure 3: Mitosis and Meiosis

Answer to question 1

 Table 1: Table of Similarities and dissimilarities

(Source: self-created in MS word)

 Answer to question 2

The majority of the cells in a healthy adult biological male continue to divide mostly through mitosis rather than meiosis. There are some potential times for each type of cell division. Mitosis is a part of cell division that takes place in somatic (body) cells during the lifetime of an individual. The task of mitosis is to maintain and repair existing tissues including growth. A single diploid parent cell i.e. having two replica of each chromosome undergoes mitosis for the4 production of two identical diploid 2n daughter cells. The genetic makeup of these daughter cells is identical to that of the parent cell. During the development of gametes i.e. reproductive cells, specialised cells known as germ cells which are egg and sperm cells go through a unique kind of cell division known as meiosis. It cuts the number of chromosomes in half and is necessary for sexual reproduction.

A single diploid parent cell undergoes meiosis to produce four distinct haploid (n) daughter cells. Meiosis in males is primarily restricted to the generation of sperm cells during their reproductive years once they reach adulthood. Thus to sum up everything, the two separate stages of cell division are meiosis and mitosis. Sperm cells which are essential for reproduction are primarily produced during meiosis. In contrast, an adult male’s primary kind of cell division for the goal of maintaining and expanding i.e. growth of various bodily parts is called mitosis.

Task 4

Figure 4: Role and importance of Stem Cell

According to the article by Zhou et al., 2019, the commitment of undifferentiated organisms lies in their ability to amaze to recharge and separate into different cell types, offering enormous potential for regenerative medication, sickness exploration, and pivotal clinical therapies. Immature microorganisms assume an essential part in clinical science by filling in as the structural blocks of life, with the one-of-a-kind ability to recover and change into specific cells (Zhou et al., 2019). Another function is add to regenerative treatments, sickness understanding, and imaginative therapies, opening new outskirts in medical services and logical exploration. Understanding undifferentiated cells is fundamental for valuing their effect on clinical science. There are three essential sorts: early stage, grown-up, and incited pluripotent undifferentiated organisms. These cells have unmistakable properties, including self-reestablishment and separation capacities. Undeveloped undifferentiated organisms got from undeveloped organisms, have the best potential for separation. Grown-up undifferentiated organisms exist in different tissues and are more restricted in separation. Instigated pluripotent undifferentiated organisms are misleadingly reinvented from mature cells to copy early-stage immature microorganisms. These cells hold the commitment to recovering harmed tissues, treating neurodegenerative circumstances, and propelling disease research. Dominating their interesting credits permits specialists to outfit the capability of undifferentiated organisms for a wide exhibit of clinical applications. Undeveloped cells are significant in sickness research, especially in regenerative medication. They offer expected answers for mending harmed tissues and organs. Their adaptability works with the improvement of designated treatment draws near. This exploration progresses how we might interpret illnesses as well as makes ready for inventive treatments and customized medication, promising expectations for those beset with conditions once viewed as untreatable. Immature microorganism transfers, like hematopoietic undifferentiated organism transplantation and mesenchymal undeveloped cell treatment, are viable in treating different circumstances. Arising treatments like cardiovascular undifferentiated cell treatment are not too far off, showing a guarantee for heart-related diseases. Continuous clinical preliminaries keep on investigating their applications. These treatments, outfitting the regenerative capability of immature microorganisms, hold the way to progressive medicines that can change the existences of patients out of luck. The usage of undeveloped cells in treatment faces a few difficulties and presents future open doors. Resistant dismissal remains an obstacle in undeveloped cell treatments, requiring answers for long-haul achievement. Hereditary altering headways offer promising accuracy. Moreover, growing undifferentiated organism banks for different populations guarantees availability. Conquering these difficulties and investigating inventive bearings will shape the fate of medical services and upgrade the adequacy of undifferentiated organism therapies. All in all, the field of foundational microorganism research holds a promising future, enlightening a brilliant skyline for both clinical science and creative medicines. Undifferentiated organisms, with their noteworthy regenerative potential and adaptability, have proactively changed illness research, offering novel experiences in regenerative medication and customized treatments. As the research paper addresses difficulties like invulnerable dismissal and moral contemplations, it shows the cusp of notable progressions, including hereditary altering and the development of undeveloped cell banks. These turns of events, directed by moral rules and guidelines, are ready to alter medical services, giving new expectations and working on personal satisfaction for patients, as it opens the maximum capacity of undifferentiated organism-based therapies.

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