Introduction to Health and Social Care Assignment Sample

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1. Primary Healthcare

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Primary Health Care is a “whole-of-society” approach to ensure the health and well-being of a population within a society (Karam et al., 2021). It can address the broader and extended determinants of health and tries to focus on comprehensive aspects of the mental, physical, and social health and well-being of the people. The five core functions of Primary Healthcare are:

• First contact accessibility- improve the access to healthcare services for the population.
• Continuity- promote inclusive relationships between healthcare professionals and service users.
• Comprehensive- ensure that healthcare workers are providing curative, preventive, protective, palliative, and rehabilitative care (Sarti et al., 2020).
• Coordination- correlation between every level within a society to provide healthcare.
• Person-Centered- ensure the diversity, needs, and preferences of service users are being met by respecting their dignity, goals, and values.

Three local primary healthcare services are General physicians, local pharmacies, and opticians. The GPs used to provide primary care by offering medical consultation, referrals, and prescribed medicines to the patients in accordance with their specific health needs (Westerlund and Marklund, 2020). On the other hand, opticians focus on eye health, and they provide health care by conducting thorough eye examinations, prescribing contact lenses and glasses, and detecting eye diseases and medication. The local pharmacy provides primary health care by offering health-related advice, conducting health check-ups, and ensuring that the population within a community is accessing essential healthcare services and medicinal support as their needs.

2. Health Promotion

Health Promotion: health promotion is a behavioural social science that includes biological, environmental, psychological, physical, and medical sciences to prevent diseases, disabilities, and premature death rates, and promote health and well-being through person-centric and education-driven behavioural change campaigns and activities. According to Sharma, (2021), health promotion is a behavioural approach to motivate people to increase their well-being and actualisation of human health potential. The basic strategies of health promotion according to the Ottawa Charter were: advocate (to boost the factors that encourage health), enable (allowing the people to acquire health equity), and mediate (through collaboration across all sectors) (McKenzie et al., 2022). For example, health Promotion Campaigns include initiatives like an anti-smoking campaign, which tries to make people aware of the negative impact of smoking and consumption of nicotine on health and encourage people to habituated to regular physical exercise.

3.The Lifestyle disease

 Smoking is one of the major causes of lifestyle disorders like Cardiovascular issues and lung cancer. The impact of such lifestyle diseases on individual and families include health deterioration, reduction of life expectancy, and increase in medical expenditure. Family members of an individual who is affected by cardiovascular disorder due to heavy smoking suffer emotionally and financially from increased healthcare expenses and the potential loss of a loved one (Edelman and Kudzma, 2021). In the UK, and as per the report of NHS England, in 2022-23, the hospital admission rate due to smoking was 408,700, which was 389,800 in 2021-22 (www.england.nhs.uk. 2023). This in turn has increased the cost burden on society to a considerable extent. In such a scenario, the implementation of anti-smoking measures can mitigate the effect of smoking, promote a healthier lifestyle, and reduce the strain on the economies of society and families to a considerable extent.

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4. Disease Prevention

Disease prevention: communicable diseases like flu, influenza, and HIV are highly contagious diseases and spread through direct contact from an infected person to a non-infected person or individual (Rocklöv and Dubrow, R., 2020). According to the World Health Organisation or WHO, Health Prevention can be defined as a multi-faceted approach to preventing the transmission of diseases within a population (www.who.int. 2023a). Health prevention levels can be three types: primary prevention, secondary and tertiary prevention. Primary prevention targets the root cause of the disease and is exemplified by vaccination. On the other hand secondary prevention method focuses on the early detection of the disease and treatment. Tertiary prevention includes managing and minimising the complications of the disease among the individual who is already affected by a communicable disease (Patja et al., 2022).

Introduction to Health and Social Care Assignment Sample

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Considering the concept of Health Prevention, as a youth health worker, the main role and responsibility to prevent the transmission of communicable diseases like HIV among young adults will include the following:

To promote comprehensive sex education

Increase awareness about healthy and safe intimacy with partners (Saag et al., 2020).

Encourage people to use a consistent condom to reduce the transmission of HIV.

5. Treatment

Treatment is the management and care of a patient and helps him to combat with disease or disorder with the process and regimen. The shared Decision-Making model in treatment can be defined as the collaborative approach between the patient and healthcare providers to make informed treatment decisions. According to Lacan et al., (2020), SDM or shared decision-making can be defined as an approach where the patient and care providers share the best possible evidence when faced with the task of making a decision and where the patient is supported by professionals to consider the best-fit option for acquiring informed preferences. According to the concept of SDM, information about the available treatment options, which includes benefits, risks, and side effects of the process are used to be discussed openly between the patient and clinicians (Amann et al., 2020). According to this framework, both the patient and healthcare professionals share their perceptions, values beliefs, and preferences and foster mutual understanding, which in turn can ensure the best possible outcome from the applied treatment process.

6. Rehabilitation

Rehabilitation can be defined as care and support that in turn can help an individual with specific needs to get back, and/or improve the abilities to meet the needs in daily life (Wade, 2020). This ability can be mental, physical, or cognitive. In the rehabilitation process or practice, occupational therapists work with the community and people to enhance their abilities to engage in the occupation they want to do, or need to do, or by modifying their occupational environment and supporting their occupational engagement. More specifically, in the rehabilitation process, occupational therapists and therapists support people with physical or mental health issues or individuals who are in such social circumstances that make it difficult for them to take part in activities that matter to them. Occupational therapists assess and address the factors or challenges that restrict an individual from engaging in daily activities. Their role involves creating person-centric intervention plans that can promote independence, enhance functional and cognitive abilities, and improve the overall well-being of individuals who need rehabilitation to return to their normal livelihood (Reitz et al., 2020). For example, an individual with a stroke survivor used to struggle to do daily activities. Occupational therapists can conduct a thorough assessment to identify the specific challenges of that person. The OTS can develop a customised intervention plan by including mobility exercises, the use of adaptive equipment, and cognitive strategies which can help that individual to get support and encouragement to regain confidence and independence in daily life (Levin, 2020).

7. Palliative Care

Palliative care is specialised medical care that focuses on providing treatment and relief to an individual from certain symptoms and stress that arise from serious and chronic illnesses (Hallenbeck, 2022). The goal of palliative care is to improve the quality of life of the patient and their families. The NHS focused on 6C’s as the important factors that caregivers should adopt while delivering palliative care:

Care- The caregiver should be compassionate and empathetic while meeting the physical and mental needs and preferences of the patient (Radbruch et al., 2020).

Compassion- The caregiver must show deep awareness of and sympathy to the patient with specific health issues, and actively work on alleviating their well-being.

Competence- care workers must have the necessary knowledge, skills, and expertise to offer high-quality care and services, including pain management, and symptom control (Alkhaqani, 2022).

Communication- Caregivers should use open and transparent communication with patients and families along with healthcare professionals to maintain an easy flow of information and ease shared decision-making.

Courage- healthcare workers must have the courage to confront any traumatic or difficult situation while offering care and support at the healthcare setup.

Commitment- the caregivers or healthcare workers should be committed to providing patient-centric care and support by maintaining the confidentiality, and dignity of the patient and ensuring that the values, beliefs, and preferences of the patient are being met throughout the palliative care journey (Smart and Creighton, 2022).

References

• Alkhaqani, A.L., (2022). A New Strategy to Build Culture of Compassion in Nursing Practice. Int Clin Img and Med Rew, 2(5), p.1092.https://ijcimr.org/articles/IJCIMR-V2-1092.pdf
• Amann, J., Blasimme, A., Vayena, E., Frey, D., Madai, V.I. and Precise4Q Consortium, (2020). Explainability for artificial intelligence in healthcare: a multidisciplinary perspective. BMC medical informatics and decision making, 20, pp.1-9.https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12911-020-01332-6
• Edelman, C. and Kudzma, E.C., 2021. Health promotion throughout the life span-e-book. Elsevier Health Sciences.https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=znJAEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=Health+Promotion:&ots=1FLCtibEWt&sig=37SrmN-aUNN96p2BxjPg_2nyq9k
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• Patja, K., Huis in ‘t Veld, T., Arva, D., Bonello, M., Orhan Pees, R., Soethout, M. and van der Esch, M., 2022. Health promotion and disease prevention in the education of health professionals: a mapping of European educational programmes from 2019. BMC medical education, 22(1), p.778.https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12909-022-03826-5
• Radbruch, L., De Lima, L., Knaul, F., Wenk, R., Ali, Z., Bhatnaghar, S., Blanchard, C., Bruera, E., Buitrago, R., Burla, C. and Callaway, M., (2020). Redefining palliative care—a new consensus-based definition. Journal of pain and symptom management, 60(4), pp.754-764.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0885392420302475
• Reitz, S.M., Scaffa, M.E. and Dorsey, J., (2020). Occupational Therapy in the Promotion of Health and Well-Being. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 74(3).https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=02729490&AN=143041171&h=zk3XLyV%2BI5bbdaV9qsUGtjx9akdYcJwgqXNLRWY7tZ0dFxk89C%2Fs%2FcgHN4VHqjShREx9HZ%2BNf58zIddj16aN0g%3D%3D&crl=c
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• Sarti, T.D., Lazarini, W.S., Fontenelle, L.F. and Almeida, A.P.S.C., (2020). What is the role of Primary Health Care in the COVID-19 pandemic?. Epidemiologia e serviços de saúde, 29.https://www.scielo.br/j/ress/a/SYhPKcN7f8znKV9r93cpF7w/?lang=en
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• Smart, A. and Creighton, L., (2022). Professionalism in nursing: how to develop professional values. Nursing Times [online], 118(4).https://www.nursingtimes.net/roles/newly-qualified-nurses/professionalism-in-nursing-1-how-to-develop-professional-values-07-03-2022/
• Wade, D.T., (2020). What is rehabilitation? An empirical investigation leading to an evidence-based description. Clinical rehabilitation, 34(5), pp.571-583.https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0269215520905112
• Westerlund, T. and Marklund, B., (2020). Community pharmacy and primary health care in Sweden-at a crossroads. Pharmacy Practice (Granada), 18(2).https://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?pid=S1885-642X2020000200019&script=sci_arttext
• www.england.nhs.uk. (2023). NHS England» Hospital admissions due to smoking up nearly 5% last year, NHS data shows. [online] Available at: https://www.england.nhs.uk/2023/12/hospital-admissions-due-to-smoking-up-nearly-5-per-cent-last-year-nhs-data-shows/#:~:text=Latest%20statistics%20from%20NHS%20England.
•  www.who.int. (2023a). HIV and AIDS. [online] Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hiv-aids?gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAiA_OetBhAtEiwAPTeQZ1KUe_kIxJe61b6MausN20o4vqCuIP3d84cD0QF-EXuKZteUlKWQpxoCNfMQAvD_BwE [Accessed 1 Feb. 2024]