Antenna Design and Simulation Assignment Sample

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Introduction

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An antenna is utilized for radiation of an electromagnetic energy and its efficiency towards its desired directions. The Antenna plays a role as the matching system between two sources such as electromagnetic energy and electromagnetic space. The main ambition of this antenna utilization is to implement the matching. There are several properties of this antenna system such as, as per the antenna pattern, intensity of the field is the main purpose for locating several directions, entire power has been radiated when the antenna thing has excited with the help of electricity or voltage as known as the intensity, the efficiency of the radiation which is a ratio of the power has been radiated to the entire supply of the power, the impedance of inputting the system of antenna for matching to varies to the transportation of the maximum power. There are different type of antennas but this study consists of two types of antenna such as half wave center fed dipole antenna and log periodic dipole array antenna.

Design

In the time of designing the antenna for the very first time, there are various straight forward steps which are necessary for the completion before the move on the non standard part of this design process of the antenna. If the design part is much known to anyone then the straightforward steps should have been trivial but very often the starting point of this design is not that well described. This study or this design and simulation process has been optimized in the Antenna Magus software which is able to make this tedious exercise with the help of offering dependable very first design which has been validated against the reference design. Each of this antenna is very carefully researched and the algorithms of this antenna design go through various tests and observations with the validated routines for the confirmation of which they have been worked properly about a wide range of areas for the combined goal (Akinsolu et al. 2020). 

The antenna magus can design several types of antenna for the specific objectives like bandwidth, gain and impedance which is located at the push of the button.

These two mentioned antennas are shaped as the beam, such purity in polarization, and the time when it is imputed the impedance of the antenna are very much determined by the diameter and the axial length of this helix shaped, the number of the turns, by radiating the diameter and their elements with the differential properties. For the low type of impedance 5 to 15 ohm, the low width of the beam as 90 to 150 degree, the quarter length of the wave is OC helix type which would be the most better option. However, as for the high type of the impedance as 15 to 90 ohm, and also three quarter length of the wave is also the OC helix, it would be also the most great option without using the help of the technique that's called feeding (Rao et al. 2021). 

The frequency of these two models might have been decreased by maximizing the height or maximizing the radius of the QHA, which has an effect in increasing the length of the helical elements. The polarization of these two antennas might have been changed by changing the dextrality of the helices, same as the several phases of the port. Modify the handedness of the helices, as well as the various port phases, to change the antenna's polarization. This can be accomplished by selecting the proper polarization variable option (LHC - Left-hand circular polarization; RHC - Right-hand circular polarization). When the wireless designers encounter insufficient range of several distances, the antenna design is frequently cited as a primary contributor. For maximum performance and system distance, antenna design and antenna location will complement the conducted performance of the wireless MCU reference design (Prakasam et al. 2020).

Implementation

Radiation Pattern - “The term "radiation" refers to the emission or receipt of a wave front at an antenna, as well as the strength of the wave front”. The radiation pattern of an antenna is depicted in any illustration by the sketch produced to represent its radiation. By looking at an antenna's radiation pattern, one can quickly assess its function and directivity. The antenna's power has an effect on both the near and far field regions. Radiation can be shown graphically as a function of the antenna's angular location and radial distance. This is a mathematical function of the antenna's radiation qualities expressed as a function of the spherical coordinates E (,) and H (,).

Frequency of the Antenna - Low-frequency antennas are typically used in this type of inquiry since the information required is usually quite deep. Wetland site conservation falls under the environmental category, therefore low-frequency antennas are required in this situation to compensate for the slowing effect of water. Environmental studies are frequently used to monitor certain strata, whether it's the base of a peat layer or another type of soil or rock. Another popular environmental survey is tracking the transport of contaminants in soils or in lakes. GPR data is frequently supplemented with cores to determine the substance that makes up each layer.

Using a GPR has allowed for the collection of more continuous data in less time. Coring is a time-consuming operation that only offers information about where the core was taken. GPR data can be generated in real time over vast distances, and the results can be utilized to determine where cores are needed for layer identification (Prakasam et al. 2020).

The impedance of the Antenna - An antenna, as we know, is designed to combine the electric and magnetic fields in order to generate voltage and current, which actuates the electrical device.

As a result, the field to circuit transition with respect to impedance must be correctly studied in order to have the needed field and circuit numbers. In general, the antenna impedance is affected by elements such as operating frequency, feeding method, geometrical orientation, and the influence of nearby objects. The impedance is calculated using the boundary approach by the application of boundary conditions that simulate the lack of a tangential field of the electricity component at the surface of conduct. This establishes the impedance ratio between the applied emf and the current. The power density has been integrated across a large closed surface (usually a sphere of exceptionally large radius R located in R must be larger than or may be equal to 2L2/, where L denotes the maximum dimension of the antenna being studied) in the Poynting vector technique. The antenna is supposed to be the transmission line in the transmission line approach, which is particularly useful for biconical antennas (Rao et al. 2021). 

Result and Discussion

Since the invention of wireless communication devices, the need for small antennas has risen steadily. In the age of wireless communication, tiny antennas are in high demand. Antenna dimensions are frequently chosen based on application requirements rather than real antenna limits. The trade-off between antenna size and efficiency and other antenna characteristics is always a contentious subject. The article provides a thorough examination of the foundations of electrically tiny antennas (ESAs) as well as their prospective applications. Many engineers are making their interest in specializing in communication fields in this modern era of wireless communication, but “this necessitates a basic understanding of fundamental communication concepts such as antenna types, electromagnetic radiation, and various propagation phenomena, among other things. Antennas are important in wireless communication systems because they efficiently transform electrical impulses to electromagnetic waves”. Antennas are the essential components of every electrical circuit because they connect the transmitter to the free space or the receiver to the free space (Akinsolu et al. 2020).

Directivity and Bandwidth - The quantity of focussed power radiation radiated in a certain direction is known as the directive of an antenna. It is the ability of these antennas to direct the radiated power in the certain direction. It's also known as a ratio of an average intensity of radiation to the intensity of radiation in a certain direction. When picking an antenna, bandwidth is one of the most critical aspects to consider. It is the frequency range across which an antenna can generate and receive energy effectively (Kumar et al. 2020).

Polarization - An antenna is able to transmit a horizontally and vertically polarized electromagnetic wave. If the wave is vertically polarized, the E vector is also vertical, necessitating the use of a vertical antenna. Vector E must be launched horizontally, which necessitates the use of a horizontal antenna. Circular polarization is a technique that combines horizontal and vertical polarization (El Hasnaoui and Mazri, 2020).

Effective Length - An antenna's effective length is a measurement of how well it transmits and receives electromagnetic waves. The effective length of both for transmitting and for receiving antennas may be calculated. The ratio of the antenna at the receiver has been imputed to the intensity towards the electric field that has occurred on the surface of the antenna is the effective length of a receiver. The length of free space in a conductor is the effective length along with the transmitter, and distribution of electricity throughout its length gives the same field intensity towards any direction of transmission (Damaj et al. 2018).

Polar Diagram - “The most significant element of an antenna is its radiation pattern, often known as the polar diagram”. As seen in the picture below, this is a plot which has illustrated the intensity of a power field produced by a transmitting antenna in different angular orientations. Plots can be generated in both vertical and horizontal planes, which are referred to as vertical and horizontal patterns (Chipengo et al. 2018).

The most common kind of antenna has used in the wireless communication technology which is an antenna as a log-periodic dipole array, which essentially consists of a number of dipole components. “The size of these dipole-array antennas decreases from the backend to the frontend. The leading beam is created by the smaller front end of this RF antenna”. The element at the array's rear end is big, with a half-wavelength that operates in the low-frequency band. The element spacing decreases as the array progresses to the front end, where the smallest arrays are positioned. As the frequency changes during this operation, a smooth transition occurs along the array of elements, resulting in the formation of an active area (Elhefnawy, 2020).

Conclusion

The range of this antenna design is a key measurement. When the design of the antenna and the placement of the antenna is implemented, the design will be complemented by the performance of these two antenna designs as per the requirement. The ultimate range of this antenna design and its performance may be achieved when the design is followed as per the optimization.