Adults Living With Sickle Cell In The Uk Assignment Sample

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Introduction

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The patients who are suffering from sickle cell anaemia have identified several symptoms. Several red blood cells are looking like sickles and also, they are used in terms of cutting wheat. Basically, this health condition is one kind of inherited disorder and also, they are called sickle cell disease. It is giving an impact on the red blood cells' shape and also it is carrying oxygen for the entire human body parts. The best treatment for this kind of serious health issue is Blood Transfusion. 

Background of the research 

The peak mortality rate of individuals in the United Kingdom is nearly about 0.7% at the huge time interval. However, the rate of mortality has been increased by 18.2% from previous years due to high rate of untreated sickle cell anaemia disease in the individuals in the United Kingdom (Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, 2022). In case of adults the mortality rate has been significantly increased by 1% during each time period. On the other hand, the paediatric mortality has been decreased by 3% during each time period (Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, 2022). This represents the modern development of health care facilities and accessibility of treatment, by which sickle cell anaemia can be treated effectively. 

The entire study is developed by a systematic review process. This systematic review is very crucial and also aims in terms of recognising, evaluating as well as summarising all the relevant studies about the given research topic. 

Literature Gap

Basically, a systematic review is bringing a study that exists as well as forming a study that depends on opinions. In the entire study, the researcher has faced several issues while gathering all information about the care plan of an individual in terms of overcoming the serious health condition called Sickle cell anaemia. This kind of serious health issue is mostly recognized in the population group of young adults in the United Kingdom. 

Research question

RQ1:What are the most suitable care plans that require to be implemented for providing care to adult patients with Sickle Cell United Kingdom?

Framing research question using PICO framework

Population	Intervention	Comparison	Outcome
Young Adults who suffered from sickle cell anaemia in the UK	Proper Medication and patient centric care	Compare one population through has been provided with prosper care plan for sickle cell anaemia with another group of population who does not get any care plan	The positive changes can be forecast in the population group who has been provided a proper care plan such as patient centric approach which shown evidence regarding necessary care plans for chronic illness

Table 1: PICO framework

(Source: Tsitsikas et al.,2020)

The above research question is framed in terms of reducing the health risk of every young adult. They have the tendency to increase this kind of health issue. From the above research question, the research can easily gather several kinds of information about the health condition as well as the rate of suffering from this disease. In this research, the researcher is designing this question in terms of using a primary qualitative research method and also it is designed by an interview method. By using the PICO Framework, the researcher can target the population group, gather several kinds of care plans according to a health condition, compare care plans with existing as well as newly taken and also conclude the outcome that is taken from the framework. By which the researcher can easily gain a depth knowledge about the process of recovery as well as the mortality rate in recent days.[Refereed to Appendix 1]

The above graph, it has shown the rate that young adults are suffering from this serious health condition increased gradually. Around 8 per cent of people are suffering from this disease in the United Kingdom. Every young adult is taking around 5 months in terms of recovering from this kind of serious health issue (Cdc.gov, 2022). All the young adults are selected as a population group in terms of reducing the serious health issue as well as mortality rates gradually. 

Rationale of the research 

Figure 2: Mortality rate of young adults by Sickle cell anemia

(Source: Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, 2022)

A huge death rate has been noticed in the region of the United Kingdom due to sickle cell anemia in young adults. In the span of 1979 to 2005, there is death of 16,654 individuals due to sickle cell anaemia (Statista.com. 2021). The median age of the death during the entire time period was 33 for males and 37 for female individuals (Statista.com. 2021). Among the individuals, 6% of them died from infectious diseases, 4% of them died from non-ischemic heart diseases and 3% of them died from ischemic heart disease (Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, 2022). However, the all the individuals were suffering from sickle cell anaemia. 

Numerous amounts of hypotheses can be aligned with the mortality rate of individuals due to sickle cell anaemia in the United Kingdom. Death regarding sickle cell anaemia has a correlation with care provision in the healthcare sector. As the average length of hospital stays decreases, the rate of admission due to treatment of sickle cell anaemia also enhances (Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, 2022). Thus, improper treatment in the healthcare sector can lead to a high mortality rate in young adults in the UK.

Methodology

All young adults are selected as a population group in terms of reducing the serious health issue as well as mortality rates gradually. Different types of intervention plans are also taken to reduce this kind of serious health disease. In this method, different types of inclusion, as well as exclusion criteria, are enlisted for gathering different types of authentic information. In this research, eight articles are applied in terms of completing the Primary Qualitative Research Method by which various kinds of opinions are also gathered to apply in terms of introducing various kinds of care plans according to the disease called Sickle Cell Anaemia. 

Data base search

The researcher gathers different kinds of information from several online portals like PubMed, British Medical Journals, Medical online platforms and ProQuest, different types of medical books on sickle cell anaemia from the Cochrane Library and so many others (Walker et al., 2021). 

Use of keywords

Sickle cell anaemia, affected UK population, proper care plan, increase mortality rate for sickle cell anaemia, effected population for sickle cell anaemia in the UK, face to face interview, lived experienced.

All the information is authentic and also very helpful for taking different types of care plans to reduce the mortality rate in the young adult age groups in the United Kingdom. The Boolean Operation is applied as a conjunction in terms of mixing the keywords for searching the main research information through using and, for, in, to and many more. 

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Inclusion Criteria	Exclusion Criteria
?Peer-reviewed online articles from 2017 to 2022?Published in the peer-reviewed articles and journals based on the business reports?Report based on the emerged business economies?Primary research  Study based on sickle cell anemia Proper care plan such as patient centric, proper medication, exclusive diet plan  Choose young adult from the area UK population	?Non-peer reviewed irrelevant papers and articles?All types of fake responses and articles from online sources?Secondary research Lack of information about sickle cell anaemia  Poor evidence about care plan for sickle cell anaemia Population except UK population

Table 2: Inclusion and exclusion criteria

(Source: Tsitsikas et al.,2020)

In this segment, the researcher also prioritises the inclusion as well as exclusion criteria by which the researcher can easily assemble all the authentic information about the care plans and also, they can be very helpful to overcome this serious health issue (Waddell and Bhatia, 2022) [Refers to Appendix 2]. This kind of serious health issue is also recognized in the population group of young adults in the United Kingdom.

Results of the search strategy

Articles	Population	Intervention	Study design
Article 1 (Adawi et al., 2021)	Patients with Sickle cell anaemia after 2 weeks of admission to the hospital	Understanding patients provided the chance of providing them with better care.	Phenomenology, Qualitative Descriptive, interview.
Article 2 (Montalembert, Tshilolo and Allali., 2019)	Children from birth	Point of care device testing.	Qualitative, descriptive.
Article 3 (DeBaun et al., 2020)	The adult population of America	Guidelines for preventing, diagnosing and treating the disease have been provided.	Qualitative, descriptive.
Article 4 (Howard and Thein., 2019)	A Young adult patient who has been provided with comprehensive care since childhood.	Regular comprehensive reviews of the patient	Qualitative,
Article 5 (Kanter et al., 2020)	Patients with 14 Sickle cell diseases in the US and the UK	Survey questionnaires were sent asking patients about their several opinions.	Qualitative
Article 6 (Kulandaivelu et al., 2018)	Adolescents and parents of them	Opinions of the audience were head and analyzed through voice records	Quantitative, interview.
Article 7 (Renedo et al., 2019)	Young people belong to the age group of 13-21 years and are SCD patients.	Problems in the care have been analyzed through interview questions	Quantitative.
Article 8 (Tsitsikas et al., 2020)	Young adult patients with SCD	Communication over the phone interrogating their problems	Quantitative.

Table 3: Results of the Search Strategy

(Source: Adawi et al., 2021)

Result of Article 1 (Adawi et al., 2021):

This article provides pieces of information about providing the patients with an individualized care plan that would be developed by incorporating the idea of the holistic approach. However, this article did not provide any generalized model of care that would be suitable for all patients who are suffering from Sickle cell disease. 

Result of Article 2 (Montalembert, Tshilolo and Allali., 2019)

This article focussed on studying the characteristics of children from birth who suffer from sickle cell anaemia. The pieces of information collected from this study provided them with the chance of prescribing the patients personalized. The issues faced by the patient would be solved with the pieces of information gathered from childhood. However, despite the scope of developing a well-developed care plan for patients with SCD the article failed to provide a general care plan suitable for all patients with SCD.

Result of Article 3 (DeBaun et al., 2020)

This article analyzed various patients from the UK and the USA and provided guidance for the diagnosis, treatment as well as prevention of the disease. This study provided guidance for both children as well as adults. However, the study failed to provide a singularity among the care plans provided to the patients.

Result of Article 4 (Howard and Thein., 2019)

This article focussed on the management and the monitoring of patients with SCD and provided guidelines for providing individualized care to the patients according to their issues. However, a generalised plan is not provided in this article for providing care to the patients. 

Result of Article 5 (Kanter et al., 2020)

This article provided some survey questionnaires to patients from 14 centres. These pieces of information lead to the discovery of the understanding of the necessity of personalized care plans for patients with SCD. this study also focused on providing personalized care to patients with SCD rather than providing them with general care.

Result of Article 6 (Kulandaivelu et al., 2018)

This article analyzed the requirements of the adolescents who are suffering from the SCD disease and grouped the data gathered through the research into four groups that include 1) the impacts that are caused by the sickle cell disease, 2) the experiences as well as the challenges that are faced in the management of these patients, 3) recommendations for the management of the patients, and 4) developing a concept of creating a self-management plan digitally. However, the plan provided also provides care that is personalized and lacks the fundamentals of generalization. 

Result of Article 7 (Renedo et al., 2019)

The young people who are suffering from SCD and are at the transitional face towards having adult care services are analyzed in this study. The study provided about the various issues faced by them and the ways in which personalized care can be provided. However, this article lacked to provide a generalized care plan that can aid young adults suffering from SCD.

Result of Article 8 (Tsitsikaset al., 2020)

This article focuses on the aspect of Covid-19 and provides focus on the specialized services that are available for patients suffering from SCD and how these services can reduce their requirements to visit hospitals. Besides this, the article failed to provide any care plan that can be used in general by all patients. 

Summarization

These results of the search strategies that have been implemented provided various pieces of information regarding Sickle Cell disease. Moreover, the ways in which the care plans for the patients should be developed have also been discovered in the article. Most of these articles, however, focused on providing personalized care to the patients rather than providing them with a generalized care plan. These findings will provide the chance of providing the patients with SCD with care plans that would aid them in their recovery. 

Quality evaluation

In this research different types of tools, articles, as well as analytical methods, are applied in terms of implementing a care plan for every adult patient who is suffering from Sickle Cell Anaemia in the United Kingdom. In this segment, also a CASP analytical tool is applied in terms of developing this research. In this method, several kinds of questions are developed by which the researcher can easily gather knowledge about the mortality rate, morbidity rate as well as different types of information. By this analytical tool, different types of information are also collected from the selected articles. From those selected articles, the analytical tool is developed by collecting the number of surveys as well as interview processes (Ware and Dertinger, 2021). Form those selected articles, all articles are not enough biased hence, every piece of information that is collected from those is enough authentic as well as accurate. 

Using CADWELL for example to review

From the selected eight articles the researcher is gaining different types of information about the CADWELL Analytical tool in terms of developing this research (Kulandaivelu et al., 2018). This research tool is giving authentic information so as not to be biased. Hence, this kind of tool is used by every researcher as well as developing research of good quality. In this research, the researcher also applied the PRISMA Chart by which the researcher can sort out the unnecessary articles, journals as well as unnecessary information about the care and also the process of recovery by which all young adults can easily overcome this kind of life-threatening issue (Constantinou et al., 2021). This kind of serious health issue is also recognized in the population group of young adults in the United Kingdom. By using the CADWELL Analytical tool, the researcher can give a score according to the respondent's opinion. Hence, for this reason, the research is developed depending on the CADWELL score [Refers to Appendix 3]. 

Using PRIMA framework

The researcher also uses the PRISMA Chart by which different types of knowledge have been gathered. The researcher can easily develop this research not only based on selected articles but also by applying the gathered knowledge. Hence, it can be helpful for the researcher in terms of completing this systematic review in good quality (de et al., 2019). By using the PRISMA Chart the researcher can easily collect numerous articles and then sort them according to their information. After sorting all the articles, the researcher selected at least 8 articles in terms of developing this research on the given research topic. In this segment PRISMAFramework is also applied by which the researcher can easily sort out the necessary articles based upon research topic and also the researcher easily selects the eight articles related to this research topic for gaining a depth knowledge about several kinds of methods as well as processes that have been used in the process of Primary Qualitative Data Collection Method.

CASP tool for qualitative and quantitative study

The CASPanalytical questionnaire tool is also applied in terms of completing this research[Refers to Appendix 4]. This research is basically based on different care plans that are required for providing to the young adults in terms of improving their health condition. They are suffering from a serious health issue called Sickle Cell Anaemia and also, they require proper intervention plan care in terms of overcoming this kind of serious health issue very rapidly. The CASP Qualitative Checklist as well as CASP Cohort Checklist contain different types of questions related to this topic and it is very helpful in terms of developing this research on the given research topic (Waddell and Bhatia, 2022). From those eight articles several pieces of information are collected as well. The researcher is gathering various data for completing this systematic review research from different types of articles. Those articles are also consisted with different types of interview processes as well as research methods by which the entire research is developed in good manner. From the CASP Cohort Checklist contain different types of questions related to this topic. From the entire cohort checklist, the researcher also collect different types of questions aboutthe research topic. CASP Cohort Checklist applied by which the researcher can easily sort out the necessary articles based upon research topic and also the researcher easily selects the eight articles related to this research topic for gaining a depth knowledge about several kinds of methods as well as processes that have been used in the process of Primary Qualitative Data Collection Method. From those eight articles several pieces of information are collected as well (Walker et al., 2021). The researcher is gathering various data for completing this systematic review research from different types of articles[Refers to Appendix 5]. 

Critical appraisal summary and synthesis

Main points of the literature in relation to your research question

The research question enquired about the most suitable approaches for providing care to adult patients suffering from Sickle Cell in the UK. A total of 8 articles have been studied for gathering pieces of information from them about the care plans that can be provided to patients suffering from Sickle cell within the UK (Adawi et al., 2021). Most of these articles provided pieces of information about the ways of developing care plans for patients suffering from sickle cell. One similarity in most of the articles was discovered and that is the suggestion of developing personalized care for the patients. None of the articles suggested any care plan that can be attributed to the use of the patients suffering from sickle cell in general. On the other hand, some articles also suggested the study of patients from childhood for being able to gather pieces of information about their health issues and develop care plans accordingly (Kanter et al., 2020). These discoveries from the articles led to the idea of providing care plans to adult patients suffering from sickle cell in the UK with personalized care plans and providing them with the analysis of them through any means such as surveys or interviews or any other means necessary. 

Raise a theme

The study of various articles led to the understanding of the idea of care planning for patients suffering from sickle cell. After studying the pieces of information present in the articles one theme comes up and that is “Personalized care is the best care.” This theme is the most suitable theme for the topic that is being discussed in this assignment. It also signifies that the implementation of personalized care for patients with sickle cell will enable the care providers a chance of providing appropriate care to the patients suffering from sickle cell. 

Reliance on particular areas

The reliance has been put on the formation of the care plan according to the personalized care for the patients suffering from sickle cell. 

Analysis and synthesis (findings of individual 8 papers, compare and contrast)

Compare and contrast the findings

Compare

The study of the eight papers suggested different types of findings and these include the pieces of information that are oriented to the development of the care plan for adult patients in the UK who are suffering from sickle cell (Cooper et al., 2019). The first article studied the pieces of information related to the patients who are suffering from Sickle cell that including the pieces of information from before and after getting affected with the disease. On the other hand, the second article focused on the study of the various pieces of information about the patients from their childhood. This provided the researcher with a detailed evaluation of the patients. The third article provides guidelines for controlling the disease and preventing people from the disease. This included prevention, diagnosis and also the treatment of the patients who are suffering from the disease. Article four, on the other hand, included management of the disease of the patients through the process of monitoring their health (Inusa et al., 2020). This only included the data of the adult patients. The fifth article provides pieces of information relating to sickle cell among adults and its various components such as the care models, components that are essential and the economic conditions. These ideas would provide extensive ideas about the condition of the patients suffering from sickle cell in the UK. the sixth article provides ideas about the ways of implementing self-management for the management of care plans for the patients suffering from sickle cell. The seventh article focussed on the issues of barriers faced by the patients who are not heard properly and the issues faced in providing care to them. The issues caused due to this are discussed in this article (Inusa et al., 2020) The ways of mitigating are also discussed in this article. The 8th and final article focus on improving the safe services provided to the patients suffering from the sickle cell in order to prevent them from having to come to the hospital and avoid the risks of being affected with Covid-19.

Contrast

The articles focus on the finding of the most appropriate care plan for adult patients suffering from the sickle cell in the UK. There are various differences between the articles. However, the idea of providing care plans to the patients came up similar among all the articles. This is mainly focused on providing personalized care to adult patients who are suffering from the sickle cell in the UK. There are similarities in the articles in are they provided ideas about improving the care plan for developing personalized care plans for the patients (Chakravorty et al., 2019). Some suggested monitoring the patients, and some suggested collecting data from childhood. All these would enable the patients with personalized services. 

Conclusion

Summary and knowledge outcome from the evidence-based

on the detailed result of eight chosen articles, the study underscores the ultimate need for better development which is ideal to make necessary services for youth responsive in the UK. Different types of intervention plans are also taken to reduce this kind of serious health disease. It also included several alternative care plans by which the researcher can compare the existing care plan with the alternatives. Hence, the researcher can easily analyse the care plans by which the helpful care plans are easily taken for giving proper treatment as well as proper medication for reducing this kind of serious health issue.

Recommendations

It is suggested to the existing healthcare authority to develop the planning structure of healthcare facilities by typically enhancing the ultimate role of primary care depending on the state of chronic illness. Moreover, spreading local awareness about mitigation strategies with a proper care plan regarding this chosen chronic illness also helps to conjugate the disruptive state.

It is recommended to the healthcare agencies such as NGOs, WHO, and the NHS work with the UK government for promoting the newly proposed care plans for affected people who are suffering from sickle cell anaemia. As per the suggestion of (Chakravorty et al., 2019), community service is highly applicable to developing care plans for individual patients with sickle cell anaemia. As a result, it can help to develop an engagement context of historically poor patients by offering a multi-layer and more comprehensible approach which is useful to manage the state of chronic illness.

Implications of your findings for future research and practice

Based on the findings from the area of the above discussion, it has been detected that there has been a unique opportunity for upcoming research on this chosen topic. In this regard, it can help raise new intervention plans to reduce the effect of sickle cell anaemia among the adult population of the UK. According to the data of result findings, it has been clearly interpreted that most of the selected articles have used a personalized care plan based on the condition of patient status and followed a holistic approach to avoid the risk associated factors. Therefore, it is necessary to specify a care plan by conducting depth analytical research on a particular care plan which is ideally applicable to address the status of chronic illness regarding sickle cell anaemia.