A Research Critique Assignment Sample

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1. Introduction: Hand Hygiene in Healthcare

The primary goal of delivering the criticism task is to examine the healthcare strategies used to enhance hand hygiene habits, hence minimising healthcare difficulties including infections acquired in hospitals. According to a 2019 Cochrane Review, the total level of trust regarding the success rate of multimodal therapies (which include various tactics) for increasing adherence to hand hygiene and lowering HAI rates is medium (Clancy et al. 2021). However, the authors cautioned that the efficacy of these treatments may vary based on the intervention, the hospital context, and the original compliance with the hand hygiene rate. Furthermore, numerous trials had inconsistent results, indicating that the efficiency of therapies may be influenced by factors apart from nursing hand hygiene. As defined by Agbana et al. (2020), based on research study (EBS) is a research approach which concentrates on organized and transparent processes that tackle specific medical challenges. It emphasizes the dependability as well as thevalidity ofevidence when guiding medical operations and healthcare decisions. Basic understanding of the environment is required because nurses play an important role in avoiding hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) owing to their frequent interaction with patients, who carry dangerous germs. One of the more significant and efficient ways to avoid HAIs is through proper hand hygiene.

2. Research Questions

It is helpful and desirable to investigate the use of therapies that successfully stimulate hand hygiene habits, resulting in a decrease in infections contracted in hospitals (HAI). According to Sands (2020), infections acquired in hospitals pose a significant medical concern worldwide, impacting millions of individuals each year. Infections like this can cause severe sickness, increased healthcare expenditures, and occasionally death. Nurses have consistently been at the forefront of HAI treatment because they deal with persons and their environments continuously. Keeping your hands clean is one harmful the most efficient and easiest ways to prevent the transmission of infections in medical institutions. According to the study by Ojanperä et al. (2020), for example,doctors in medical facilities should practice good hand hygiene when working with patients who demand secured health and vital healthcare services. The subject stresses the value of evidence-based methods in care. By researching whether treatments increase compliance with hand hygiene and lower HAI rates, researchers can make more informed judgments regarding the best ways to safeguard patients and healthcare staff. Such study results can help hospitals establish and carry out successful hand care initiatives. This can lead to improved hand hygiene habits among nurses, resulting in an important decrease in high-level illnesses (HAIs) and improved outcomes for patients (Gaube et al. 2021). The findings on hand cleanliness and a high degree of diseases have consequences not solely for nurses and medical facilities but also for avoiding and controlling infections in many healthcare settings. The issue presents serious ethical concerns about patient safety regarding medical practitioners' responsibilities. By researching this issue, ethical healthcare and the need to use scientifically proven techniques for enhancing security for patients can be highlighted efficiently. Now the research question is “In hospital nurses, does implementing interventions to improve hand hygiene practices result in a reduction in hospital-acquired infections?”

3. Critique of Healthcare Strategies

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3.1 Critical Analysis of Article 1: Qualitative Study Paper

Focus

The fundamental goal of this research is to effectively convey the investigated factors of cleanliness of hands among nurses in medical facilities. It is regarded as essential research to emphasise the crucial elements influencing the cleanliness of hands in addition to the behaviour of nursing and healthcare workers, particularly at Shariati Hospital in Tehran, Iran (Ghaffari et al. 2020; Moore et al. 2021). The primary goal of the investigation is to discover the precise elements that influence the cleanliness of hands behaviour in a given situation.

Background

The current study background provides information regarding hand hygiene, which is regarded as one of the easiest approaches to effectively minimise infections in hospitals, limit the propagation of crucial antibiotic resistance, and improve patient safety. As demonstrated by (Ghaffari et al. 2020), acceptance of HH Guideline was lower in medical centres (30-40%) than in the general wards (50-60%), among doctors (32%) than amongst nurses (48%), and before (21%) compared to following (47%) interacting with patients. According to the released studies, some of the hurdles to the application of hh included irritation of the skin produced by HH components, limited accessibility to hh infrastructure, communication difficulties amongst patients and healthcare workers, and a shortage of trust in the patient's requirement for HH (Roshan et al. 2020). However, based on the recorded study background, it can be stated that the argument made based on the topic is worthwhile and the previous studies presented by researchers intensified the importance of considering hand hygiene in healthcare settings.

Aim

The study aims to “determine factors affecting hand-hygiene behaviour of the nursing staff in Shariati Hospital of Tehran, Iran.” In this case, it can be stated that the aim of the study has been well-developed and it supports proceeding research towards considering the presentation of a qualitative study (Ghaffari et al. 2020). It also reflects and is well-supported towards presenting a thorough analysis of factors in terms of qualitative data analysis and presentation. Hence, it can be stated that the framed study aim has remained suitable as most of the previously presented studies have been presented considering quantitative methods to present factors determining behaviour and nursing staff while this study has taken consideration of utilising qualitative sources.

Methodology

The primary Qualitative research methodological approach has been used to meet the research aim by answering research questions and meeting research objectives. Significantly in order to support the choice of methodological approach to meet the research aim, it can be stated that Ghaffari et al. (2020) reported data regarding factors determining health management concerns for nurses in the healthcare sector utilising the primary qualitative approach that is interview. Referring to this, it can be also reported that the use of this particular methodological approach mainly helps in enhancing the scope of critically analysing data and presenting in a way that meets the research aim, and objective and answers research questions.

Data Collection

The interview transcript has been used in order to collect relevant data from the recruiting target group of participants. The study presented by Ghaffari et al. (2020) reflects the convenience technique involving nurse workers from Shariati Hospital, at the Tehran University of Health Sciences. The study included participants from several hospital divisions, including the CCU, NICU, ICU, and Emergencies. It has remained justified in the way it has allowed the collection of a wide, diverse range of data to present critical analysis. On the other hand, Assefa et al. (2021) and Javadpoor et al. (2022), have reported the data collection method following “Lincoln and Guba's criteria” helped in maintaining the credibility of the used data sources and the identification of the most relevant data sources. In this case, the collected data met the research aim by answering questions and objectives.

Method of Data Analysis and Presentation

The data analysis and presentation method that has been used for presenting essential data in the proper way is the “qualitative content analysis” method based on the Graham and Landsman method. The presented study by Ghaffari et al. (2020) highlights the “Directed qualitative content analysis” method that has been used to support the data analysis method. Entire data analysis and interpretation have been underpinned by relevant theoretical frameworks and model-based views. As per the views of Daulay et al. (2021) use of the content analysis method helped in identifying the importance of considering hand hygiene in the healthcare sector to ensure offering better patient care service. In this manner, the use of this analysis and interpretation method has remained justified to meet the aim, objectives and questions.

Sample

The selection of sample size of the chosen study paper is 16 and a convenient sampling technique has been used to manipulate for presenting data. As highlighted by Ghaffari et al. (2020) selection of this range of samples helped in gathering essential data as required to meet the research aim. It has remained justified in the way, it helped in presenting diverse points of view of nurses to present discussing highlighting several factors. Participants consented to record every interview they had. The data was transcribed word-for-word before analysis. In a qualitative study, the researcher is expected to delve into information.

Ethical Considerations

This study's ethical issues were informed permission, anonymity, and secrecy throughout data analysis. Some individuals refused to record their voices, thus real-time manual note-taking was used instead (Ceylan et al. 2020). This paper is based on a doctoral dissertation on Medical Education and Development, which has been approved by an ethical committee. The Environmental and Occupational Exposure Control Study Center at Shahid Beheshti College of Health Sciences in Tehran, Iran, has authorised and sponsored this study effort. This information reflects that essential ethical practices have been taken under consideration to maintain the credibility of the research and at the same time meet the research aim and objectives.

Main Findings

This study identified three primary themes in the Model of Planned Behavior, or TPB for short such as mindset, subjective norms, and perceived behaviour regulation and eight significant trends outdoors the structure like environment, perceptions, lifestyle, ethical behaviour, schooling. culture in organisations, prominence, and personality (Ghaffari et al. 2020). In addition, 41% of healthcare professionals, 20% of doctors, 47% of other healthcare types of staff members, and 25% of undocumented healthcare employees had a rate of compliance of more than 50%. It can be stated that the study contributes to the international body of information on the factors that influence sanitation behaviour among nurses (Ragusa et al. 2021). This understanding may be extended and used to various healthcare environments across the world, guiding the creation of successful hand hygiene enhancement techniques in a variety of circumstances.

Conclusion and Recommendations

The study has been concluded by mentioning that due to the other factors also found in this study, integration of theories and models for designing interventions is recommended to increase adherence to hand hygiene behaviour. It also indicated topics that ought to be assessed and handled by healthcare experts (Hillier, 2020; Derksen et al. 2020). The findings of the present research showed a variety of characteristics and attitudes connected with HH conduct that have been linked to concepts and frameworks about behaviour modification. Hence, it can be recommended that using a theory-based strategy with integrated frameworks can greatly benefit therapies. Further study is needed to discover hygiene factors based on various concepts and models, particularly those from IBM.

Overall Strengths and Limitations

The overall strengths of the study rely on the particular elements that impact hand hygiene behaviour among doctors at Shariati Hospital. This study gives beneficial details on the present level of compliance with hand hygiene in this particular scenario. This information may be utilised for developing and carrying out specific strategies to improve hand hygiene habits in the hospital (Ghaffari et al. 2020). The limitation of the study reflects this research identified educational and knowledge regarding topics, including "unawareness of unclean fingertips" and "raising personnel's knowledge regarding the importance of hand-washing". To develop successful policies to encourage HH, it's important to assess present staff knowledge and performance levels.

Application to Practice

Research suggests that donning gloves might have both good and negative impacts on hand cleaning. They probably convinced themself that donning gloves is a safe alternative to cleansing hands and safeguards either the person receiving treatment or themselves from spreading illness. Considering the point of view of Ghaffari et al. (2020) it can be argued that gloves cannot be as effective in maintaining clean fingertips and therefore not completely impermeable. As highlighted by Hoffmann et al. (2020) the primary barriers to HH include a lack of understanding of HH guidelines, critical circumstances, and the danger of transferring infectious components while delivering medical treatment. Several medical workers failed to wash their palms whenever necessary, despite their belief that they ought to have.

3.2 Critical Analysis of Article 1: Quantitative Study Paper

Focus

This study primarily focuses on investigating nurse hand hygiene practice in Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital which is located in Harari Regional State, Eastern Ethiopia using an observational study design. As per the views of Awoke et al. (2018), this study particularly focuses on incorporating the scope of understanding the need to maintain nurse practices in the healthcare sector as they work as front-line service practitioners in terms of dealing with patients regarding meeting their healthcare needs. The focus of the study is justified in the way it has efficiently found out the specific field of interest from the broad spectrum of healthcare fields.

Background

According to the study's background information, the majority of nurses may infest the surfaces of their hands with various microorganisms while performing "clean" activities including lowering a patient, implementing an individual's pulse, pressure, or spoken temperature, or individual hand, neck, shoulder, or thighs (Awoke et al. 2018; Bella et al. 2021). However, excellent hand hygiene, which is as straightforward as cleansing hands at the correct time in an appropriate way, can help to prevent HCAIs spread by medical personnel. Based on the information presented above, it is possible to infer that oral hygiene is concerned with eliminating non-transient or deadly microorganisms from the fingers as well as the prevention of apparent filth from their fingers using different procedures and hand-washing chemicals that do not cause skin harm (Lotfinejad et al. 2021). Infections linked to healthcare (HCAIs) create serious disease burdens and impose significant economic costs on individuals and medical facilities across the world.

Aim

The aim of the study is to investigate the nurse's hand hygiene practice in the chosen location which is Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital, Harari Regional State, Eastern Ethiopia (Awoke et al. 2018; Zhou et al. 2021). In this case, the conduction of an observational study has been taken under consideration in order to maintain the flow of data presentation as well as analysis. Hence, it can be stated that setting this particular study aim is justified in the way it has underlined the presentation of essential healthcare practice-related information.

Methodology

The Observational study was conducted among nurses by an observational tool which was adopted from the WHO observational tool and finally, compliance was calculated as a percentage (Awoke et al. 2018). A hospital-based observational cross-sectional study was conducted considering a specific time frame and location of choice. In support, the study design used by McDonald et al. (2021) and MacIntyre et al. (2020) to present an analysis of the challenges faced by healthcare practitioners in providing required patient care in the healthcare sector reflects the study has reached its ultimate research outcomes. Hence, it can be stated that the use of a primary quantitative methodological approach reflects it is justified in the way it supported the presentation of gathered information through supporting statistical calculation methods.

Data Collection

This study's data-gathering technique highlighted the use of observation checklists and questionnaires that were administered by oneself. An observational checklist developed from the WHO observation tool was employed to evaluate hand hygiene practices (Awoke et al. 2018). Before starting fieldwork, the list of items was pretested. The observation checklist includes sociodemographic information as well as methods for hand hygiene predicated on the WHO's five hand hygiene recommendations. The tool is founded on the premise that when caregivers do every nursing treatment or service, they have a "hand hygiene potential". It has come to my observation that, using this particular data collection method, Awoke et al. (2018) and Lo et al. (2021) reported their study considering the way to identify the factors leading towards successful implementation of hand hygiene maintenance guidance in the healthcare sector. Henceforth, it can be criticised and reported that the use of this particular data collection method has remained justified.

Method of Data Analysis and Presentation

Data received coded, inputted, and cleaned with EpiData statistical software version 3.1 before being transferred to SPSS version 22 for research. Researchers employed statistical methods that were descriptive frequency, per cent, average, variance, and tables to convey findings on hand hygiene practices and barriers to practise (Awoke et al. 2018)). The use of this particular data analysis and presentation method has remained justified as it has helped in presenting information derived from primary sources. Hence, it has helped in understanding how much nurses in the healthcare sector know about the way of maintaining hand hygiene and its importance.

Sample

The observation was conducted on all nurses (116) who were working in the inpatient departments such as Medical, Surgical, Pediatrics, Maternity, and ICU of FISH. As per the opinion of Awoke et al. (2018), a consecutive sampling technique was applied to obtain hand hygiene opportunities. Hence, the use of this sample size is considered justified as it has allowed us to reach the ultimate result of the study utilising the framework-based fundamentals of SPSS Analysis. Besides, it has come into an observation that before data collection, each subject provided informed, voluntary, verbal, and written consent. To decrease the influence of Hawthorne, monitors did not offer nurses information about the research techniques. Instead, observers located a site where they could watch acquaintances, treatment of patients, and hand cleanliness (Awoke et al. 2018; Kamanga et al. 2022). Finally, researchers used questionnaires they administered themselves to identify characteristics that restrict nurses' methods for washing their hands.

Ethical Considerations

The Haramaya University's Department of Medical Sciences and Health's Institution Medical Research Ethics Review Committee authorised the study procedure. Official letters of collaboration were sent to Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital and relevant agencies to facilitate the study (Awoke et al. 2018). Participants were informed about the study's methods, risks, and benefits. All respondents provided updated, freely done, written, and signed permission before the study. Hence, it is clear that this particular research study has been executed following the essential criteria of ethical consideration which impacts the credibility of the study.

Main Findings

Based on the main research findings, it can be stated that it has met research objectives in the proper way by answering the research questions and meeting objectives. An aggregate of 110 research participants responded at an average of 94.8% (Awoke et al. 2018). A total of 3902 possibilities and 732 hand-washing activities were identified, with an overall compliance rate of 18.7%. The greatest rate of hand cleanliness (22.9%) was reported "before the immaculate aseptic procedure." Compliance rates were highest (19.6%) on the night shift and 22.7% in the hospital's ICU unit. Based on the presented data, alcohol hand rubs were a popular way of cleaning hands (Iversen et al. 2020). However, reviewing the presented information, it can be stated that presenting this information has efficiently met the research aim through meeting objectives.

Conclusion and Recommendations

Nurses at Hiwot Fana Specialised University Hospital exhibited poor sanitation of the hand practices. Hand hygiene was more commonly practised in the ICU ward than in the emergency ward, even though emergency wards had greater chances for hand hygiene. Hand hygiene is often neglected due to a lack of training, easy access to a sink and soap and water representatives, and time constraints (Chen et al. 2021). Promoting cleanliness of hands requires support from senior and middle managers, as well as modifications to the system such as which makes goods readily accessible at the moment for care to be effective.

Overall Strengths and Limitations

The research tried to assess the degree of nurses' cleanliness of hands practices, which might be utilised as input towards a program to prevent infection when combined with other pocket investigations completed in other parts of Ethiopia. Nevertheless, the investigation may be considered influenced by the Hawthorne effect (Awoke et al. 2018). As a result, observing will be employed as a data-collecting strategy; the person who is observing may impact the actions of nurses since this approach assumes that all nurses are aware that they are being watched, as well as the impact of the observer's understanding of definitions and real situations on data reliability.

Application to Practice

The research d "Nurses Practice of Hygiene of the Hands in Hiwot Fana Specialised University Hospital, in Harari Provincial State, Eastern the nation of Ethiopia: Observation Study" has numerous significant consequences, both for the hospital and for larger healthcare practices. The total recorded adherence to hand hygiene percentage of 18.7% suggests a strong need for hospital nurses to enhance their hand sanitation procedures. This emphasises the necessity for tailored approaches to address this essential issue. The study discovered that unclean hands can be due to an assortment of causes, including a lack of instruction, an inconvenient location of bathrooms or hand-washing machinery, and time restrictions. These criteria can be used to design tailored treatments.

4. Discussion

As a result, criticisms that take a comprehensive approach to investigating the variables influencing the hand-hygiene practice of nursing personnel at Shariati Hospitals in Tehran, Iran, are important on a number of fronts. Understanding the environment and characteristics that influence oral hygiene behaviour allows for the development of more efficient targeted treatments in the Shariati hospital setting (Iversen et al. 2021). This can lead to a better and more effective adherence to a hand hygiene plan. Face-to-face interviews with the nursing staff in hospitals affiliated with the Tehran University of Medical Sciences have been conducted to gather essential data. Thus, it can be stated that the presented background information is enough justified to enhance awareness across the healthcare sector regarding this particular healthcare concern (Van Roekel et al. 2022).

The chosen data collection method offers interaction with people with different mindsets to Lambe et al. (2020) understand their points of view towards accepting factors determining the behaviour of nurses in healthcare settings. Reviewing the mentioned credibility factors associated with the study paper highlights “Lincoln and Guba's criteria” were used to ensure investigation accuracy, including close interaction with individuals, peer review of transcriptions, grouping similar codes, transcription as soon as possible, unbiased examination of interview writing and codes by the outside checkers, and re-reading (Kuo et al. 2020).

5. Conclusion

Implementing measures to enhance good hand-washing habits among nurses at hospitals reduces infections acquired in hospitals (HAIs). There is a correlation between increased hand hygiene conformity among physicians and lower HAI rates. Nurses should improve their hand cleanliness treatments for many different reasons. In the first place, nurses possess a fiduciary obligation to ensure their patients' security and efficiency. Nurses have to comply with all essential steps to avoid haematological immune system disorders (HAI). This particular methodological choice is considered suitable in this way because it has supported presenting information gathered from people with different perspectives. This particular data analysis and presentation method is considered suitable and well-justified in the way it has identified factors determining the behavioural approach of nurses in the healthcare sector.In this particular study, utilising this particular methodology helped in presenting essential data in the way it helped in presenting Word-by-word transcription for data analysis.

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